Comparative Analysis of Whistleblowing and Witness Protection in the Public Sector: A Case Study of Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda and Tanzania

Dworkin, T. M., & Near, J. P. (1997). A Better Statutory Approach to Whistle-Blowing Author ( s ): Terry Morehead Dworkin and Janet P . Near Published by : Cambridge University Press 7(1), 1–16. Defines whistle-blowing as “an act involving the reporting of unethical, illegal or spurious acts carried out within an organisation to any in/external party with the expectation that action will be enforced to correct the unlawful act”. The article looks at the fear of retaliation which explains the failure of whistle-blowing. Resource dependency is viewed as a prediction tool of organizational retaliation for disclosures unveils the organization's relative power vis a vis that of the whistle-blower thereby determining the comprehensive nature and probability of retaliation acts channelled to the whistle-blower. Whistle-blowing is also approached as a pro-social behaviour akin to crime disclosure or by stander intervention. The expectancy theory assumes that persons who witness wrongdoing weigh the probable outcomes attributed with disclosing the wrongdoing especially where cases of efficacy and retaliation emerge. GovData360. (n.d.). Information Governance Indicators Gives a clear understanding on Ethiopian, Kenyan, Rwandan and Tanzanian rate of corruption, through different indicators that elaborate on annual corruption trend in governmental institutions. Kolb, R. W. (2018). Whistle-Blower Protection. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society, 83–105. The article argues that good faith disclosure ought to correlate with protected disclosure as per the laws on whistle-blower protection. Whistle-blower protection laws should therefore provide comprehensive protection against discriminatory or retaliatory action. The article thus stipulates that the legislation ought to provide protection for whistle-blowers’ based on employment status against any harm, retaliatory action, inclusive of dismissal. Morse, Kristin; Struyk, Raymond J. (2006). Policy Analysis for Effective Development: Strengthening Transition Economies. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. Pages 52-54 Generates an understanding of the stakeholders, their functions and obligations, and identifies their involvement in whistle-blowing implementation. Thus, this determined the stakeholders’ level of influence, positions and alliances. Roberts, P., Brown, A. J., & Olsen, J. (2011). Book Title : Whistling While They Work public sector organisations. The book outlines three major objectives of a whistle-blowing program which include encouraging employee disclosure; ensuring effective assessment, investigation and action as per the raised report; and protection of whistle-blowers. These determinants are underpinned by an institutions commitment in the program. Also effective operation of a whistle-blowing is considered to correlate with positive workplace culture and shared responsibilities and must therefore move beyond establishing procedures and setting obligations that need to be fulfilled. Stone, D. (2012). Transfer and Translation of Policy. Policy Studies. 33. 1-17. The article is a useful review for the application of policy learning and transfer whereby transfer is viewed to occur across countries. The approach of soft transfer of ideas and information through networks is considered to be more extensive. Thus transfer can incorporate transferring goals with an aim of attaining common outcomes; transfer of institutions which facilitates the formation of similar structures like constitutional apparatus; transfer of administrative, judicial or regulatory tools; transfer of ideas and ideologies for instance integrity and values; and also transfer of staff for a short-term staff exchange in different regions. Transparency International. (2013). Whistleblower Protection and the UN Convention Against Corruption. Views whistle-blowing as the disclosure of information on perceived offences, corrupt, illegal, fraudulent, or hazardous activities committed by or in institutions and where the ultimate goal is protecting public interest. Transparency International. (2019). Corruption Perception Index. Evaluates the perceived governmental corruption, through the global corruption report. This provides an overview of corruption as of 2014 to current time. Wakhisi Elias. (2017). Kma - Das Gesundheitswirtschaftsmagazin, 22(11), 4–5. This presentation is useful when discussing and conceptualizing characteristics of effective whistle-blowing like anonymity, credibility; power within the institutional structure. Whereas features of effective whistle-blower protection are inclined on, clearly defined scope of whistle-blower protection; protection mechanisms; reporting procedures; enforcement mechanisms; level of awareness and reward scheme. It also highlights how Bernard Muchere, the auditor responsible for uncovering the health ministry scandal risked being transferred after the Health PS Muraguri lobbied for his transfer after the report.