The Concept of Parrhesia in Michel Foucault's Late Lectures: Political and Philosophical Implications

This study is devoted to the consideration of the concept of parrhesia, which is key to the later lectures of Michel Foucault. In them, the French philosopher turns to antiquity, which at first may seem unrelated to his earlier works on insanity, the penitentiary system, and power, but the author of the study proposes to regard them as part of the genealogy of the subject and the genealogy of the critical attitude, which can be considered as research interest of Foucault. The author also introduces a classification of parrhesia, since Foucault's later lectures do not have a clear structure, and the philosopher did not have time to write a book on the materials developed at the lecture - he died in 1984. Studying the materials of the lectures, the author reveals the political and philosophical implications of different types of parrhesia, dwelling in detail on the cynical and platonic.