Delivered at:: School of Psychology

Course type:: Compulsory course

When:: 1 year, 1-3 module

Instructors

Abstract

The course is aimed to develop students’ competencies and interest in сulture and psychology field. After fulfilling the course, students will know basic approaches of modern cross-cultural psychology and their implementation in different areas of their everyday activity in multicultural settings. During the course students get acquainted with what cross-cultural psychology is, how it differs from other related spheres of psychology and how it can be applied to scientific and real-life situations. Students will learn how to measure and map different cultures and understand culture’s impact on cognition, personality and communication. Students will study the factors and outcomes of successful acculturation and intercultural relations. Students will also train to create convincing presentations, write a theoretical review and work with some practical exercises. Starting from 2020 and during the pandemic lectures and seminars are provided in a distant mode using internet technologies.

Learning Objectives

To introduce the main theories and researches in cultural and cross-cultural psychology
To develop an interest, motivation and skills of primary analysis of cultural specifics of individual and group behavior
To develop awareness of different cultural assumptions.

Expected Learning Outcomes

Student is capable to define theoretical and applied aspects of cross-cultural psychology.
Student owns the system of main categories and instruments of cross-cultural psychology. 
Student is capable to give definitions of the main categories and know different theoretical approach and methods of culture measurements.
Student is capable to apply the knowledge of cultural measurements to reveal and explain the cultural differences and similarities.
Student knows main theoretical grounds explaining cultural influences on cognition.
Student is capable to explain cross-cultural differences in cognitive processes - such as perception, attention, thinking, memory etc - and emotions.
Student knows main theoretical approaches explaining cultural influences on personality.
Student can apply knowledge about personality related concepts to explain the cultural differences and similarities.
Student owns the system of main psychological categories and definitions related to intercultural communication.
Student is capable to apply the knowledge of cultural specifics in verbal and nonverbal communication in multicultural settings.
Student knows main theoretical models and approaches to acculturation.
Student knows about basic practical socio-psychological interventions to improve intercultural relations.
Student is capable to apply knowledge of cross-cultural psychology to solve problems occurring in intercultural relations in different contexts/levels (individual, group, societal)
Student is able to apply ecocultural framework to explain cultural differences.
Students is able to differentiate between different levels of culture and different approaches to study culture.
Student is able to take into consideration cross-cultural differences in cognition to present the results of his/her work more effectively.
Student is able to work with intelligence tests in cross-cultural settings.
Students knows main theoretical and training approaches to intercultural competence.
Student is capable to differentiate between different types of stereotypes and knows how to works with ethnic stereotypes.
Student is able to differentiate between basic aspects of multiculturalism.
Student is capable to explain and apply hypotheses of intercultural relation .

Course Contents

Topic 1. Introduction to Cross-Cultural Psychology
Increase scientific interest in cross-cultural psychology of the last decades: globalization and migration. What is cross-cultural psychology? Fundamental questions of cross-cultural psychology. Cultural psychology. Indigenous psychology. Relationships between culture and human behaviour. Absolutism, Relativism, Universalism. Varieties of comparative psychological research. Emics and Etics. Topical categories including cultural coverage. Definitions of culture. Theoretical framework for studying ecology, culture and behavior
Topic 2. Measuring and Mapping Cultures
How to “measure” a culture? Objective and subjective elements. Cultural Syndromes (Triandis): Cultural complexity, Tightness-looseness, Individualism-Collectivism. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions: Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance, Power Distance, Masculinity. World Values Survey (Inglehart): Traditional versus Secular-Rational values, Survival versus Self-Expression values. Cultural Value Orientations (Schwartz): Embeddedness – Autonomy, Egalitarianism – Hierarchy, Mastery – Harmony. Basic human (individual) values (Schwartz). 10-values circular continuum. Refined theory of basic values (19 values circle). Social axioms (Bond, Leung).
Topic 3. Culture and Cognition
Culture as cognition. Perception and culture. Historical roots (Rivers’, Segall, Wagner experiments). Sensory functions. Perception of patterns and pictures. Optical illusions (Mueller-Lyer illusion, horizontalvertical illusion, Ponzo illusion). Theories of explanation of visual illusions (carpentered world theory, front-horizontal foreshortening theory, and physical theory). Depth perception (Hudson’s experiments). Face recognition across ethnic groups. Cultural patterns of drawing. Perception of color. Perception of time. Culture and Intelligence. General intelligence. Ethnic differences in IQ scores and its’ explanation. Intelligence and intelligent behavior. Contributions of biological and socio-economic factors. Cultural values of Cognition. Cognitive styles. Culture and construction of emotions. The cultural construction of concepts, attitudes, values, and beliefs about emotions. Culture and Problem Solving. Culture and Creativity.
Topic 4. Personality and Culture
How culture shapes personality? Climate’s influence on Personality. ‘Culture and Personality’ School (М.Мead, R. Benedict, R.Linton, A.Kardiner). The Basic Personality Structure. Modal Personality Theory. National character. Internal versus External Locus of Control. Problems with the early studies of Personality. Five Factor Theory (McCrae and Costa). Universality of genetic structure. Age trends in Personality. NEO-P-R Tests of Universability, Personality Profiles of Cultures. Self in Social Context. Sex Differences in Personality. Social Roles Explanation. Evolutionary Explanation. Environment Stress Explanation. Some non-western concepts.
Topic 5. Culture and Communication
Factors of communication and culture. Cultural influences on language. Culture and verbal communication. Cultural-conditioned styles of verbal communication: direct and indirect styles of verbal communication. High vs. Low context cultures. Culture and nonverbal communication. Proxemics in the context of culture. Gestures. Touch. Use of silence. Humor. Examples of miscommunication. Competency in cross-cultural communication. Intercultural competence. Intercultural personality. Intercultural intelligence. Intercultural Training.
Topic 6. Psychology of Acculturation and Intercultural Relations
Plural societies. Psychology of acculturation. “Culture shock”. Stress of acculturation. Strategies of acculturation (Berry). The Interactive model of acculturation - IAM (Bourhis et al.) Relative Acculturation Extended Model – RAEM (Navas et al.) Multidimensional Individual Difference Acculturation model – MIDA (Safdar et al.) Sociocultural, psychological, economic adaptation of migrants. Intercultural psychology. Stereotypes and prejudices. Multiple identities. Benefits of multiculturalism as ideology and policy. Three hypotheses of intercultural relations (multiculturalism hypothesis, contact hypothesis, integration hypothesis). Studies of intercultural relations in plural societies. Practical socio-psychological interventions to improve intercultural relations.

Assessment Elements

Ongoing assessment - small tests
Only 4 best grades for the test will be taken into consideration for calculation of the final grade
Home task 1: an oral presentation in the format of TED Talks
Home task 2: practical project "Work on a client request"
Task can be fulfilled in a small group of students. Several client requests will be suggested to the students.
Written exam
The exam is conducted in written form (test with different types of tasks) online without use of proctoring. During the exam, students are forbidden to: communicate (in social networks, with people in the room), use their notes or electronic documents, cheat. A short-term connection failure during the exam is considered to be a connection failure of less than 5 minutes. A long-term connection failure during the exam is considered to be a failure of 5 minutes or more. If there is a long-term connection failure, the student cannot continue to participate in the exam. The retake procedure involves the use of the similar tasks and procedure. More details about the procedure is available in the letter sent to the students.

Interim Assessment

Interim assessment (3 module)
0.15 * Home task 1: an oral presentation in the format of TED Talks + 0.25 * Home task 2: practical project "Work on a client request" + 0.2 * Ongoing assessment - small tests + 0.4 * Written exam

Bibliography

Recommended Core Bibliography

Berry, J. W. (2017). Mutual Intercultural Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsebk&AN=1560357
Breugelmans, S. M., Chasiotis, A., & Vijver, F. J. R. van de. (2011). Fundamental Questions in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsebk&AN=366256
Hazel Rose Markus, & Shinobu Kitayama. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.F4474DDB
Matsumoto, D. R. (2001). The Handbook of Culture and Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsebk&AN=129712
Richard E. Nisbett, Incheol Choi, Kaiping Peng, & Ara Norenzayan. (n.d.). Copyright 200i by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 0033-295X/01/$5.00 DO1: 10.1037//0033-295X.108.2.291 Culture and Systems of Thought: Holistic Versus Analytic Cognition. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.E8103D79
Valsiner, J. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsebk&AN=826680

Recommended Additional Bibliography

Berry, J. (2016). Comparative analysis of Canadian multiculturalism policy and the multiculturalism policies of other countries. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.3E9CF8B5
Diener, E., Oishi, S., & Lucas, R. E. (2003). PERSONALITY, CULTURE, AND SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING: Emotional and Cognitive Evaluations of Life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54(1), 403. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
Eunkook M. Suh, & Harry C. Triandis. (n.d.). Cultural Syndromes and Subjective Well-being. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.E85CB1AF
Harry C. Triandis, & Michele J. Gelfand. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.21251665
Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. (2010). Long- versus short-term orientation: new perspectives. Asia Pacific Business Review, 16(4), 493–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602381003637609
Holliday, A., Kullman, J., & Hyde, M. (2010). Intercultural Communication : An Advanced Resource Book for Students (Vol. 2nd ed). London: Routledge. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsebk&AN=476453
Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity and adaptation. (2006). Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55(3), 303–332. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsnar&AN=edsnar.oai.openaccess.leidenuniv.nl.1887.16610
Jeffrey Sanchez-burks, Fiona Lee, Incheol Choi, Richard Nisbett, Shuming Zhao, & Jasook Koo. (2003). Conversing across cultures: East-West communication styles in work and nonwork contexts. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.2D783024
Kavanagh, C., & Yuki, M. (2017). Culture and Group Processes. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.9C8A4171
Leung, K., & Bond, M. H. (2009). Psychological Aspects of Social Axioms : Understanding Global Belief Systems. New York: Springer. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsebk&AN=275662
Liu, S., & Gallois, C. (2014). Integrating intercultural communication and cross-cultural psychology: Theoretical and pedagogical implications. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.AD7AAB0B
Marsella, A. (2012). Psychology and Globalization: Understanding a Complex Relationship. Journal of Social Issues, 68(3), 454–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2012.01758.x
Masuda, T. (2017). Culture and attention: Recent empirical findings and new directions in cultural psychology. Social & Personality Psychology Compass, 11(12), n/a-N.PAG. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12363
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T., Jr. (1997). Personality Trait Structure as a Human Universal. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.DC271D70
Phan, D. T. (2013). Integrating Personality and Coping Styles in Predicting Well-Being Across Cultures. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.72BDD79F
Robert R. Mccrae, & Antonio Terracciano. (2005). Personality profiles of cultures: Aggregate personality traits. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.68D17445
Ronald F. Inglehart. (2017). Evolutionary Modernization Theory: Why People’s Motivations are Changing. Changing Societies & Personalities, (2), 136. https://doi.org/10.15826/csp.2017.1.2.010
Schachner, M. K., van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Noack, P. (2017). Contextual Conditions for Acculturation and Adjustment of Adolescent Immigrants – Integrating Theory and Findings. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.6CF2D505
Schwartz, S. H. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(5), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032005001
Takahiko Masuda, Phoebe C. Ellsworth, Batja Mesquita, Janxin Leu, Shigehito Tanida, & Ellen Van De Veerdonk. (n.d.). ATTITUDES AND SOCIAL COGNITION Placing the Face in Context: Cultural Differences in the Perception of Facial Emotion. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.B80AC061
Thomas F. Pettigrew. (n.d.). INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS AND GROUP PROCESSES A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.E5FCBB03
Torres, C. V., Schwartz, S. H., & Nascimento, T. G. (2016). The Refined Theory of Values: associations with behavior and evidences of discriminative and predictive validity. Psicologia USP, 27(2), 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-656420150045
Triandis, H. C., & Triandis, H. C. (2001). Individualism-collectivism and personality. Journal of Personality, 69(6), 907–924. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.696169
Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2013). Contributions of internationalization to psychology: toward a global and inclusive discipline. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edsbas&AN=edsbas.B101B794
Yama, H., & Zakaria, N. (2012). Inference and culture : The distinction between low context culture and high context culture as a possible explanation for cultural differences in cognition. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&site=eds-live&db=edssch&AN=edssch.oai%3aescholarship.org%2fark%3a%2f13030%2fqt4vn8f7pz

Master’s Programme 'Applied Social Psychology'

Cross-cultural Psychology