Двойственная природа системы зеркальных нейронов человека: возбуждение и торможение при различных протоколах предъявления и стимуляцииThe Dual Nature of Human Mirror Neuron System: Facilitation and Inhibition Across Presentation and Stimulation Protocols

The mirror neuron system (MNS), first identified in primates and later confirmed in humans, activates during both action execution and observation, linking perception and motor control. While most studies emphasize excitatory facilitation, inhibitory mechanisms remain understudied. This dissertation investigates the dual excitatory–inhibitory nature of the MNS, its temporal dynamics, and contextual robustness, using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) across four experimental studies.A novel Postvideo paradigm, involving TMS after observed action completion, elicited the most stable mirror responses compared to traditional static or video conditions. Results demonstrated a dual mechanism: facilitation in task-relevant muscles and suppression in non-related muscles, extending motor surround inhibition (mSI) from action execution to observation. Temporal analyses revealed that inhibitory effects dominate at later stages (up to 640 ms and post-movement), highlighting the critical role of post-movement phases. Cortical excitatory and inhibitory circuits (ICF, SICI) were differentially modulated, suggesting GABAergic contributions. Importantly, mirror responses proved robust across variations in body posture, confirming independence from proprioceptive state.The novelty of this work lies in reframing the MNS as a balanced excitatory–inhibitory network, demonstrating the centrality of inhibition to mirror responses, and introducing the Postvideo paradigm as a methodological advancement. The findings deepen theoretical understanding of mirror response, while offering practical implications for neurorehabilitation of motor-impaired patients.