Standards of Proof in Civil and Arbitration Procedure in the Russian Federation and Foreign Countries.

In recent years, there has been an increasing considerable and at times fierce debate about the standard of proof in Russian civil litigation. However, as any issue of evidence, the issue of the standard of proof in civil cases oftentimes may lead to misunderstandings, emanating from the lack of sufficient investigation of the different legal systems. This paper seeks to remedy these problems by a comparative analyzing of legislation, court practice, doctrine related to standards of proof in common and civil law jurisdictions, including the Russian Federation. The first part of this study examines definitions of the standard of proof. The second one begins by laying out the retrospective analysis of the Russian law of evidence and includes a discussion of judicial standards of proof. The third part outlines dissimilar approaches used in common and civil law systems to describe the standard of proof in civil matters.